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新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)(che)作為國(guo)家七大戰略(lve)性(xing)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業之一，是我國(guo)從汽車(che)(che)(che)大國(guo)走向汽車(che)(che)(che)強(qiang)國(guo)的必由(you)之路。自2009年國(guo)務(wu)院(yuan)首次提(ti)出(chu)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)(che)戰略(lve)起，國(guo)家持(chi)續加大財(cai)政補貼(tie)力度，出(chu)臺“雙積分(fen)”政策，加強(qiang)公共領域推(tui)廣，推(tui)動新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業穩步發展。此后，中國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)(che)產(chan)(chan)(chan)業鏈不斷完(wan)善，核心(xin)技術創(chuang)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)力持(chi)續提(ti)升，關鍵(jian)零部件制造能(neng)(neng)力不斷增(zeng)(zeng)強(qiang)，整(zheng)車(che)(che)(che)性(xing)能(neng)(neng)和產(chan)(chan)(chan)品力大幅提(ti)高(gao)，產(chan)(chan)(chan)銷(xiao)規模位居全球第一，已(yi)進(jin)入規模化(hua)快(kuai)速發展新(xin)階段。截至(zhi)2022年底，我國(guo)新(xin)能(neng)(neng)源汽車(che)(che)(che)保有量達(da)1310萬(wan)(wan)輛，突破一千萬(wan)(wan)輛大關，同(tong)比(bi)增(zeng)(zeng)長66%。

隨著新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車產業快(kuai)速(su)發展，充電基(ji)礎設施建(jian)設提速(su)，我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)公(gong)共充電基(ji)礎設施保有(you)量(liang)高速(su)增長。根據中(zhong)國(guo)充電聯(lian)盟統計(ji)(ji)，2023年5月我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)充電基(ji)礎設施累計(ji)(ji)數量(liang)為635.6萬(wan)臺。公(gong)共充電樁主(zhu)要集(ji)中(zhong)在(zai)東部經濟(ji)發達省份(fen)，與(yu)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車保有(you)量(liang)強(qiang)關聯(lian)，且(qie)充電運營(ying)行(xing)業集(ji)中(zhong)度較(jiao)高，排名前(qian)十五(wu)位的(de)運營(ying)商占全社會(hui)公(gong)共充電樁總量(liang)的(de)94.1%。我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)已經建(jian)立了較(jiao)為完(wan)善(shan)的(de)充換(huan)電技(ji)術標準體(ti)系，當前(qian)充電技(ji)術主(zhu)要包括(kuo)交流慢充、直流快(kuai)充、大(da)功率(lv)充電、無線充電、換(huan)電等，有(you)力(li)地支撐了我(wo)(wo)(wo)國(guo)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)源(yuan)汽車的(de)快(kuai)速(su)推廣應用。

當前新(xin)能源汽車用(yong)戶充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)同樣遇到諸(zhu)多(duo)問題。如居民區(qu)私(si)人(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)安裝難，老舊小區(qu)由于停(ting)車位(wei)緊(jin)張、電(dian)(dian)力容量不足(zu)(zu)等(deng)(deng)問題無(wu)法按需配建私(si)人(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，部(bu)分小區(qu)還存在物業不配合提供證明材料等(deng)(deng)情況，導(dao)致用(yong)戶無(wu)法安裝私(si)人(ren)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)；公共充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)體(ti)驗不佳，充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)置查找難、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)場站環境差(cha)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)故障率(lv)高(gao)、充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)車位(wei)被占用(yong)等(deng)(deng)問題尤為突(tu)出；高(gao)速服務(wu)區(qu)節(jie)假日充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)排隊時間長，難以滿足(zu)(zu)人(ren)民群眾在節(jie)假日遠距離出行(xing)的充(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)需求等(deng)(deng)。

近(jin)日，國(guo)務院辦公廳印(yin)發《關(guan)于進一步構建(jian)高質量充電基礎設施體(ti)系(xi)的(de)指導意見(jian)》（以下簡稱《指導意見(jian)》），針對性地提出了政(zheng)策措(cuo)施，相信能夠(gou)有(you)效(xiao)解決行業發展中遇(yu)到的(de)相關(guan)問題(ti)，滿足人(ren)民群眾出行充電需求。

軟(ruan)硬件結合解(jie)決“找(zhao)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)難”。當前(qian)我國(guo)公共(gong)充電(dian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)不(bu)足且布(bu)局不(bu)均衡，充電(dian)設(she)施(shi)整(zheng)體(ti)(ti)利用率低(di)和人民群眾(zhong)“找(zhao)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)難”的矛盾尤(you)為(wei)突(tu)出(chu)(chu)。針對“找(zhao)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)難”，《指(zhi)導(dao)意見》提出(chu)(chu)，分級(ji)推進、重(zhong)(zhong)點突(tu)破，加快充電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)網絡有效(xiao)覆蓋。城市充電(dian)網絡要大力推進車(che)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)位(wei)一體(ti)(ti)化(hua)模式，各類停車(che)場(chang)景要全覆蓋；信息互通、充電(dian)共(gong)享，探索創(chuang)新(xin)商(shang)業模式；積極探索在車(che)流量較大區域(yu)、重(zhong)(zhong)大節假日期(qi)間(jian)等適度(du)投放移動充電(dian)基(ji)礎(chu)設(she)施(shi)，示范建設(she)無線充電(dian)線路(lu)及車(che)位(wei)。

多(duo)措并(bing)舉解決“進小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)難(nan)(nan)”。當前居(ju)(ju)(ju)民區(qu)(qu)(qu)充(chong)(chong)電難(nan)(nan)問(wen)題反(fan)映強烈，部(bu)分(fen)(fen)有固(gu)定車(che)位(wei)的(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民建(jian)(jian)(jian)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)難(nan)(nan)，大(da)部(bu)分(fen)(fen)居(ju)(ju)(ju)民區(qu)(qu)(qu)沒有配建(jian)(jian)(jian)公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)，老(lao)舊(jiu)小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)存(cun)在電力增容難(nan)(nan)和停車(che)位(wei)緊(jin)缺(que)的(de)雙(shuang)重困難(nan)(nan)。針對“進小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)難(nan)(nan)”，《指(zhi)導意(yi)見(jian)》提(ti)(ti)出(chu)，在既有居(ju)(ju)(ju)住區(qu)(qu)(qu)加快(kuai)推進固(gu)定車(che)位(wei)充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)應裝盡裝，推進智能有序充(chong)(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)加速應用，鼓勵(li)儲充(chong)(chong)一體樁(zhuang)(zhuang)、私(si)樁(zhuang)(zhuang)共(gong)享、居(ju)(ju)(ju)住區(qu)(qu)(qu)公共(gong)充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)等(deng)模式的(de)應用；鼓勵(li)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住區(qu)(qu)(qu)充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)“統建(jian)(jian)(jian)統服”，統一提(ti)(ti)供建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)、運營、維護等(deng)服務；將充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)納(na)入老(lao)舊(jiu)小(xiao)區(qu)(qu)(qu)基礎(chu)(chu)類設(she)施(shi)改造范(fan)圍，同步(bu)開展配套供配電設(she)施(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)；新建(jian)(jian)(jian)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住區(qu)(qu)(qu)要明確建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)單(dan)位(wei)主(zhu)體責任，嚴格落實充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)配建(jian)(jian)(jian)要求，各地方主(zhu)管部(bu)門要嚴格驗收，確保固(gu)定車(che)位(wei)按規定100%建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)充(chong)(chong)電基礎(chu)(chu)設(she)施(shi)或(huo)預留安裝條件。

補(bu)齊短板解(jie)決“公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)難”。當前(qian)，高(gao)速(su)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)和國省干線公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務區存(cun)在平日充(chong)電(dian)(dian)利用率低(di)、節假日無法滿足充(chong)電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)(de)(de)矛盾。針對“公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)難”，《指導意見》提出(chu)，創新商(shang)業模式，鼓勵(li)大(da)功(gong)率充(chong)電(dian)(dian)技(ji)術、光(guang)儲充(chong)一體化(hua)解(jie)決方案(an)在高(gao)速(su)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務區及公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)沿線場站(zhan)應用，強化(hua)路(lu)(lu)網關鍵節點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務能力；推(tui)進(jin)國家高(gao)速(su)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)網充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基礎設施覆蓋度(du)，既要加(jia)快重點(dian)城(cheng)市之間公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)沿線充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基礎設施布局(ju)，也要推(tui)進(jin)既有充(chong)電(dian)(dian)基礎設施改造(zao)升級(ji)，還要加(jia)密(mi)京(jing)津(jin)冀(ji)、長三角、粵港澳大(da)灣區、成渝(yu)地(di)區雙(shuang)城(cheng)經濟(ji)圈等充(chong)電(dian)(dian)網規劃建(jian)設；營(ying)造(zao)良好的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)氛(fen)圍，鼓勵(li)多方合作(zuo)，有效借助(zhu)金融產(chan)(chan)品力量，積極探索合理的(de)(de)(de)投(tou)資(zi)回報機制，通過產(chan)(chan)業的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)產(chan)(chan)數字化(hua)服(fu)(fu)(fu)務，科技(ji)引領金融支持新能源汽車新基建(jian)。

守住(zhu)安(an)全底線加(jia)強(qiang)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)規范。當(dang)前，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)增長(chang)較快，各個地方發展不均衡(heng)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)、充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備市場競爭激烈，需要加(jia)強(qiang)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)規范管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)。為(wei)此，《指導意見》提出，完善充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)生產(chan)(chan)制(zhi)造(zao)、安(an)裝建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、運(yun)(yun)營(ying)維(wei)護企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)的(de)準入條件(jian)和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)政策(ce)，以規范管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)和(he)服(fu)務(wu)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)為(wei)重點構建(jian)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)體系，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)電(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)及場站的(de)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)應用，鼓勵各級地方政府對充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)場站的(de)評(ping)(ping)價(jia)與(yu)相關支(zhi)持政策(ce)配合，推(tui)進(jin)(jin)高質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)、可持續的(de)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)網絡，推(tui)動建(jian)立充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)認(ren)證(zheng)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)商采信制(zhi)度(du)；推(tui)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)自(zi)律，落實充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)運(yun)(yun)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)主體責(ze)(ze)任，建(jian)立健全充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)運(yun)(yun)維(wei)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系，明確長(chang)期失效充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)樁的(de)認(ren)定標(biao)準和(he)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)辦法(fa)，充(chong)(chong)(chong)分發揮行(xing)業(ye)(ye)協(xie)會橋梁(liang)紐(niu)帶作用，推(tui)動充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)參與(yu)單位共同建(jian)立良好的(de)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)秩(zhi)序；明確電(dian)動汽車、動力電(dian)池和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)生產(chan)(chan)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全責(ze)(ze)任，嚴格充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)建(jian)設(she)(she)(she)、安(an)裝質(zhi)量(liang)(liang)安(an)全管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)，建(jian)立火災、爆炸事故(gu)責(ze)(ze)任倒查制(zhi)度(du)；引導充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)基礎(chu)(chu)(chu)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)投(tou)資運(yun)(yun)營(ying)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)(ye)投(tou)保(bao)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)責(ze)(ze)任保(bao)險。

《指導意(yi)見》以構(gou)建(jian)高質(zhi)量充(chong)(chong)電基礎設施體(ti)系為目標，從建(jian)設、運營、維(wei)護(hu)等(deng)產業發展的關鍵(jian)環(huan)節提出了相關要(yao)求(qiu)。希望全行業、全產業鏈(lian)能夠在(zai)《指導意(yi)見》的指引(yin)下，加強新(xin)技術、新(xin)模式的創新(xin)應用，加快構(gou)建(jian)統一的標準體(ti)系，全面(mian)提升充(chong)(chong)換電基礎設施服(fu)務(wu)(wu)網絡的服(fu)務(wu)(wu)保障能力，更好滿足人民(min)群眾出行充(chong)(chong)電需求(qiu)。（作(zuo)者(zhe)：中國電(dian)動汽車充電(dian)基礎(chu)設施(shi)促(cu)進聯盟秘(mi)書長 王耀）